S100A12

Description

The S100A12 (S100 calcium binding protein A12) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 1.

S100A12 (S100 calcium-binding protein A12) is a protein encoded by the S100A12 gene in humans. It was first described in 1995 and is also known as calgranulin C. S100A12 belongs to the S100 family of proteins, containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. It plays a significant anti-infectious and antibacterial role due to its ability to bind ions. For instance, S100A12 inhibits the spread and virulence of H. pylori. S100A12 is primarily produced by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, though some epithelial cells and dendritic cells can also secrete it. Consequently, tissues rich in these cells, such as the spleen and lungs, contain high levels of S100A12. It exists intracellularly but is also released into the extracellular environment where it forms homodimers or hexamers. The presence of S100A12 is associated with cardiovascular and kidney diseases.

S100A12 is a calcium-, zinc- and copper-binding protein that plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation and immune responses. Its pro-inflammatory actions include leukocyte recruitment, stimulation of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. It acts as an alarmin or a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, activating innate immune cells by binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGER). This binding triggers the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of cell adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. S100A12 acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and mast cells. It can stimulate mast cell degranulation and activation, leading to the release of chemokines, histamine, and cytokines, further attracting leukocytes to inflammatory sites. S100A12 can inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9) by chelating Zn(2+) from their active sites. It exhibits filariacidal and filariastatic activity. S100A12 has antifungal activity against C. albicans and is also active against E. coli and P. aeruginosa but not L. monocytogenes and S. aureus.

S100A12 is also known as CAAF1, CAGC, CGRP, ENRAGE, MRP-6, MRP6, p6.

Associated Diseases

WES Whole Exome Sequencing