HRG
Description
The HRG (histidine rich glycoprotein) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 3.
HRG may refer to:
HRG (Histidine-rich glycoprotein), also known as Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein, is a plasma glycoprotein that binds various ligands, including heme, heparin, heparan sulfate, thrombospondin, plasminogen, and divalent metal ions. It binds heparin and heparin/glycosaminoglycans in a zinc-dependent manner. It binds heparan sulfate on the surface of liver, lung, kidney, and heart endothelial cells and binds to N-sulfated polysaccharide chains on the surface of liver endothelial cells. HRG inhibits rosette formation and acts as an adapter protein involved in regulating numerous processes, such as immune complex and pathogen clearance, cell chemotaxis, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. HRG mediates clearance of necrotic cells by enhancing their phagocytosis in a heparan sulfate-dependent pathway, a process regulated by ligands like heparin and zinc ions. HRG binds to IgG subclasses of immunoglobulins containing kappa and lambda light chains with different affinities, regulating their clearance and inhibiting the formation of insoluble immune complexes. It tethers plasminogen to the cell surface, binds to T-cells and alters their morphology. HRG modulates angiogenesis by blocking the CD6-mediated antiangiogenic effect of thrombospondins THBS1 and THBS2. It acts as a regulator of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, inhibiting endothelial cell motility by reducing VEGF-induced complex formation between PXN/paxillin and ILK/integrin-linked protein kinase and by promoting inhibition of VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinases and alpha-actinins in endothelial cells. HRG is also involved in regulating tumor angiogenesis and tumor immune surveillance. It normalizes tumor vessels and promotes antitumor immunity by polarizing tumor-associated macrophages, leading to decreased tumor growth and metastasis.
HRG is also known as HPRG, HRGP, THPH11.
