HMGB2

Description

The HMGB2 (high mobility group box 2) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 4.

High-mobility group protein B2, also known as high-mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2), is a protein encoded by the HMGB2 gene in humans. It belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family, which are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously found in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. Studies have shown its ability to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles, suggesting a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. It has been reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination.

HMGB2 is a multifunctional protein with diverse roles in various cellular compartments. It may act in a redox-sensitive manner. Within the nucleus, it is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling, and V(D)J recombination, potentially participating in other processes. It exhibits a preference for binding to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, demonstrating its ability to bend and enhance DNA flexibility by looping. This mechanism promotes activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences closer. It plays a crucial role in V(D)J recombination by serving as a cofactor of the RAG complex, stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS). It is suggested to participate in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor, collaborating with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. In the extracellular compartment, it acts as a chemokine. It promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration, involving AGER/RAGE. It possesses antimicrobial activity in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues. It participates in the inflammatory response to antigenic stimuli, exhibiting pro-inflammatory activity. It contributes to the modulation of neurogenesis, potentially through the regulation of neural stem proliferation. It plays a role in maintaining the surface of articular cartilage, implicating LEF1 and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. It interacts with POU2F2, POU2F1, and POU3F1. It is a component of the RAG complex, comprising core components RAG1 and RAG2, and associated component HMGB1 or HMGB2. It is also a component of the SET complex, consisting of at least ANP32A, APEX1, HMGB2, NME1, SET, and TREX1. It directly interacts with SET. It interacts with LEF1.

HMGB2 is also known as HMG2.

Associated Diseases

WES Whole Exome Sequencing