GLRX2
Description
The GLRX2 (glutaredoxin 2) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 1.
Glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2) is an enzyme encoded by the GLRX2 gene in humans. It is a member of the glutaredoxin family and acts as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that maintains cellular thiol homeostasis. The gene is located on chromosome 1q31.2–31.3 and contains four exons and three introns spanning 10 kilobase pairs. Alternative splicing of GLRX2 results in three isoforms: Grx2a, Grx2b, and Grx2c. Grx2a, localized to the mitochondria, is ubiquitously expressed in tissues and regulates mitochondrial redox homeostasis, protecting cells against oxidative stress. Grx2b and Grx2c, found in the nucleus and cytosol, are expressed only in testes and cancer cell lines, facilitating cellular differentiation and transformation, potentially contributing to tumor progression. The mitochondrial and nuclear isoforms, Grx2a and Grx2b, differ in their first exon, with Grx2b's exon 1 located upstream of Grx2a's. Grx2c arises from alternative splicing of the Grx2b transcript, having a shorter exon 1 than Grx2b. As a GRX family protein, Grx2 contains an N-terminal thioredoxin domain with a 37CSYC40 active site motif, featuring a serine residue replacing the conserved proline residue.
Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that maintains mitochondrial redox homeostasis during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. It plays a role in responding to hydrogen peroxide and regulating apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides makes it a highly efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions. It can receive electrons from both glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin reductase, enabling both monothiol and dithiol reactions. It efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, regulating superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression reduces susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents cardiolipin loss and cytochrome c release.
GLRX2 is also known as CGI-133, GRX2.
Associated Diseases
- Parkinson disease
- lysosomal storage disease
- Alzheimer disease
- multiple sclerosis
- cancer
- breast cancer
- fatty liver disease
