TLR9
Description
The TLR9 (toll like receptor 9) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 3.
TLR9 is a protein encoded by the TLR9 gene in humans. It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, known for its role in pathogen recognition and innate immunity. TLR9 is expressed in immune cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. It resides on endosomes, where it binds DNA, particularly unmethylated CpG sequences found in bacterial or viral DNA. This binding triggers signaling cascades that initiate a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. TLR9 expression and activation can be modulated by various factors, including cancer, infection, and tissue damage. Its role in autoimmune diseases is also being actively studied, with research focusing on synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists to regulate autoimmune inflammation.
TLR9 is a key component of both innate and adaptive immunity. It acts as a toll-like receptor (TLR) that recognizes unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, a pattern specific to microbial DNA. This recognition triggers a signaling cascade involving MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion, and an inflammatory response. TLR9 plays a crucial role in regulating lymphocyte responses to Helicobacter infection. Upon CpG stimulation, TLR9 promotes B-cell proliferation, activation, survival, and antibody production.
TLR9 is also known as CD289.
