PTPRS

Description

The PTPRS (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type S) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 19.

PTPRS, also known as R-PTP-S, R-PTP-sigma, or PTPσ, is an enzyme that is encoded by the PTPRS gene. It belongs to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, which are signaling molecules regulating various cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. PTPRS contains an extracellular region, a single transmembrane segment, and two tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains (D1 and D2), making it a receptor-type PTP. D1 is catalytically active, while D2 is inactive. The extracellular region is composed of multiple Ig-like and fibronectin type III-like domains. Studies in mice suggest that this PTP may be involved in cell-cell interaction, primary axonogenesis, and axon guidance during embryogenesis. It has also been implicated in the molecular control of adult nerve repair. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding distinct proteins, have been reported. A PTPRS protein mimetic may improve muscular and bladder control in rats with spinal cord injuries.

PTPRS is a cell surface receptor that binds to glycosaminoglycans, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Binding to chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans has opposite effects on PTPRS oligomerization and regulation of neurite outgrowth. It contributes to the inhibition of neurite and axonal outgrowth by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, also after nerve transection. It plays a role in stimulating neurite outgrowth in response to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan GPC2. PTPRS is required for normal brain development, especially for normal development of the pituitary gland and the olfactory bulb. PTPRS functions as a tyrosine phosphatase, mediating dephosphorylation of NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3. It plays a role in down-regulation of signaling cascades that lead to the activation of Akt and MAP kinases. It down-regulates TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappa-B, as well as production of TNF, interferon alpha, and interferon beta. Binding to large heparan sulfate proteoglycan structures promotes oligomerization, while binding to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan does not lead to oligomerization. PTPRS interacts with NTRK3, NTRK1, PPFIA1, PPFIA2, and PPFIA3.

PTPRS is also known as PTPSIGMA, R-PTP-S, R-PTP-sigma.

Associated Diseases

WES Whole Exome Sequencing