PPARD
Description
The PPARD (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 6.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta), also known as (PPAR-beta) or Nuclear hormone receptor 1 (NUC1), is a nuclear receptor encoded by the PPARD gene in humans. This gene belongs to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family and was first identified in Xenopus in 1993. PPAR-delta regulates a variety of biological processes and might be involved in the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In muscle, exercise increases PPARD expression, leading to enhanced oxidative (fat-burning) capacity and an increase in type I fibers. Both PPAR-delta and AMPK agonists are considered exercise mimetics. In adipose tissue, PPAR-β/δ increases both oxidation and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. PPAR-delta may integrate transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. It activates the transcription of various target genes by binding to specific DNA elements. Well-characterized target genes of PPARδ include PDK4, ANGPTL4, PLIN2, and CD36.
PPAR-delta is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating energy metabolism in adipose tissue. It binds to peroxisome proliferators, such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids, with a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids like gamma-linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Upon ligand activation, PPAR-delta binds to promoter elements of target genes, regulating the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. It acts as a transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene and decreases the expression of NPC1L1 when activated by a ligand.
PPARD is also known as FAAR, NR1C2, NUC1, NUCI, NUCII, PPARB.
