LPPR1
Title: Lipoprotein(a): A Comprehensive Guide to an Often-Overlooked Lipid
Introduction
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a lipoprotein particle found in the bloodstream. It is similar in structure to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the so-called "bad cholesterol," but it has a unique protein component called apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) attached to it. Unlike LDL, which transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues, Lp(a) is primarily produced in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream. While Lp(a) levels can vary widely in the general population, elevated levels of Lp(a) have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Description
Lp(a) is a spherical particle composed of a lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and a single molecule of apo(a). The size of the particle can vary depending on the number of apo(a) kringle IV domains it contains, ranging from 18 to over 40. Apo(a) is a large, highly polymorphic protein, and the number of kringle IV domains determines the size of the Lp(a) particle and its affinity for binding to the LDL receptor.
Associated Diseases
Elevated levels of Lp(a) have been strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including:
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart attack
- Stroke
- Peripheral artery disease
High Lp(a) levels are thought to contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease by promoting the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries. Lp(a) particles can bind to the LDL receptor and enter the cells lining the blood vessels, where they contribute to the accumulation of cholesterol and the formation of plaques.
Did you Know ?
Approximately 20% of the population has elevated Lp(a) levels, which are considered to be above 50 mg/dL. However, the prevalence of high Lp(a) varies widely depending on the population studied. For example, individuals of African descent tend to have higher Lp(a) levels compared to those of European descent.
