GDF11
Description
The GDF11 (growth differentiation factor 11) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 12.
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11), is a protein encoded by the GDF11 gene in humans. GDF11 is a member of the Transforming growth factor beta family. It acts as a cytokine and its sequence is highly conserved between humans, mice and rats. The bone morphogenetic protein group is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site, which is cleaved to produce a protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. GDF11 is expressed in many tissues, including skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney, nervous system, and retina. Gene deletion and over-expression studies indicate that GDF11 primarily regulates the embryological development of the skeletal system. It may also help regulate development of the central nervous system, blood vessels, the kidney and other tissues. GDF11 improves neurodegenerative and neurovascular disease outcomes, increases skeletal muscle volume, and enhances muscle strength. Its wide-ranging biological effects may include the reversal of senescence in clinical applications, as well as the ability to reverse age-related pathological changes and regulate organ regeneration after injury. GDF11 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes.
GDF11 is a secreted signaling molecule that acts globally during development to regulate the anterior-posterior patterning of the body axis. It is important for the proper development of both mesodermal and neural tissues, and is essential for correct vertebral and orofacial development. GDF11 signals through Activin receptors type-2 (ACVR2A and ACVR2B) and Activin receptors type-1 (ACVR1B, ACVR1C, and TGFBR1), resulting in the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3.
GDF11 is also known as BMP-11, BMP11, VHO.
