CD14

Description

The CD14 (CD14 molecule) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 5.

CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) is a human protein produced primarily by macrophages as part of the innate immune system. It binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), to detect bacteria in the body. CD14 exists in two forms: a membrane-bound form (mCD14) anchored by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) tail and a soluble form (sCD14). Soluble CD14 is either derived from the shedding of mCD14 or secreted directly from intracellular vesicles. The X-ray crystal structure reveals a monomeric, bent solenoid structure with a hydrophobic amino-terminal pocket. CD14 was the first described pattern recognition receptor. It acts as a co-receptor (along with TLR4 and MD-2) for the detection of bacterial LPS. CD14 requires lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) to bind LPS. Although LPS is its primary ligand, CD14 also recognizes other PAMPs like lipoteichoic acid. CD14 recognizes a wide range of microbial products, including LPS from Gram-negative bacteria and peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria.

CD14 acts as a coreceptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), working with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) to deliver LPS to the TLR4/MD-2 complex. This interaction triggers the innate immune response to LPS, activating NF-κB and leading to cytokine secretion and inflammation. CD14 also functions as a coreceptor for TLR2:TLR6 heterodimers in response to diacylated lipopeptides and for TLR2:TLR1 heterodimers in response to triacylated lipopeptides. These interactions activate signaling pathways from the cell surface and involve lipid rafts. Additionally, CD14 binds electronegative LDL (LDL-) and mediates cytokine release in response to LDL-.

CD14 is also known as -.

Associated Diseases

WES Whole Exome Sequencing

Clinical Exome Sequencing