CCL5
Description
The CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 17.
CCL5, also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), is a protein encoded by the CCL5 gene. The gene was discovered in 1990 by in situ hybridization and is located on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. CCL5 is a member of the CC subfamily of chemokines, characterized by its adjacent cysteines near the N-terminus. It is an 8kDa protein that acts as a classical chemotactic cytokine or chemokine, consisting of 68 amino acids. CCL5 is a proinflammatory chemokine that recruits leukocytes to sites of inflammation. It attracts T cells, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as monocytes, natural-killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and mastocytes.
CCL5 acts as a chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells, and eosinophils. It triggers the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. CCL5 can activate several chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. It is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T-cells. Recombinant RANTES protein inhibits different strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in a dose-dependent manner. The processed form RANTES(3-68) acts as a natural chemotaxis inhibitor and is a more potent inhibitor of HIV-1 infection. The second processed form, RANTES(4-68), exhibits reduced chemotactic and HIV-suppressive activity compared to RANTES(1-68) and RANTES(3-68). CCL5 may also be an agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR75, stimulating inositol trisphosphate production and calcium mobilization upon activation. Together with GPR75, it may play a role in neuron survival by activating a downstream signaling pathway involving PI3, Akt, and MAP kinases. By activating GPR75, CCL5 may also play a role in insulin secretion by islet cells.
CCL5 is also known as D17S136E, RANTES, SCYA5, SIS-delta, SISd, TCP228, eoCP.
