ATG5
Description
The ATG5 (autophagy related 5) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 6.
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6. It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death. ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles. It is activated by ATG7 and forms a complex with ATG12 and ATG16L1. This complex is necessary for LC3-I (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B) conjugation to PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) to form LC3-II (LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate). ATG5 can also act as a pro-apoptotic molecule targeted to the mitochondria. Under low levels of DNA damage, ATG5 can translocate to the nucleus and interact with survivin. ATG5 is known to be regulated via various stress induced transcription factors and protein kinases.
== Structure == ATG5 comprises three domains: a ubiquitin-like N-terminal domain (UblA), a helix-rich domain (HR) and a ubiquitin-like C-terminal domain (UblB). The three domains are connected by two linker regions (L1 and L2).
ATG5 plays a crucial role in autophagic vesicle formation, a process essential for cellular degradation and recycling. It forms a complex with ATG12 through a series of enzymatic steps involving ATG7 and ATG10. This ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme, promoting the attachment of ATG8 family proteins to vesicle membranes. ATG5 is involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, contributing to cellular longevity. It plays a critical role in lymphocyte development, ensuring survival and proliferation of both B and T lymphocytes. ATG5 is essential for optimal antigen processing and presentation for MHC II. Additionally, it maintains axon morphology and membrane structures, and contributes to normal adipocyte differentiation. ATG5 promotes primary ciliogenesis by removing OFD1 from centriolar satellites and degrading IFT20 through autophagy.
ATG5 is also known as APG5, APG5-LIKE, APG5L, ASP, SCAR25, hAPG5.
