Covid 19 Severity ACE2

Description

The ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome X.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that can be found either attached to the membrane of cells (mACE2) in the intestines, kidney, testis, gallbladder, and heart or in a soluble form (sACE2). Both membrane bound and soluble ACE2 are integral parts of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that exists to keep the body's blood pressure in check. mACE2 is cleaved by the enzyme ADAM17 in a process regulated by substrate presentation. ADAM17 cleavage releases the extracellular domain creating soluble ACE2 (sACE2). ACE2 enzyme activity opposes the classical arm of the RAAS by lowering blood pressure through catalyzing the hydrolysis of angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor peptide which raises blood pressure) into angiotensin (1–7) (a vasodilator). Angiotensin (1-7) in turns binds to MasR receptors creating localized vasodilation and hence decreasing blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure makes the entire process a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases. mACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein itself is known to damage the endothelium via downregulation of ACE2. The human version of the enzyme can be referred to as hACE2.

ACE2 is a crucial enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system, playing a significant role in regulating blood pressure, blood volume, and vascular resistance, thereby contributing to cardiovascular homeostasis. It converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9, an anti-hypertrophic peptide for cardiomyocytes, and angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, a beneficial vasodilator and anti-proliferative agent that counteracts the vasoconstricting effects of angiotensin II. Beyond its role in the renin-angiotensin system, ACE2 also acts on other vasoactive peptides like neurotensin, kinetensin, and des-Arg bradykinin, removing their C-terminal residue. Furthermore, ACE2 effectively cleaves various biological peptides, including apelins, casomorphins, and dynorphin A. Its C-terminus, homologous to collectrin, mediates the trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SL6A19 to the gut epithelial cell plasma membrane, influencing its cell surface expression and catalytic activity.

ACE2 is also known as ACEH.

Associated Diseases

Genomepatri Immunity

WES Whole Exome Sequencing